nothing human,â Stevenson wrote. Neither did Sickert when his âFrom Hell,â to borrow a phrase from the Ripper letters, other self replaced his ruined manhood with a blade.
As if Sickertâs childhood surgeries and subsequent dysfunctions werenât misfortune enough, he suffered from what in the nineteenth century was called âdepraved conditions of the blood.â Letters written by Sickert in later life indicate that he periodically suffered from abscesses and boils that would send him to bed. He would refuse to seek out a doctor. An exact diagnosis of Sickertâs congenital deformity and any other health problems associated with it may always remain elusive, although in 1899, he refers to his âorgans of generationâ having âsuffered all his life,â and to his âPhysical misery.â St. Markâs patient records do not exist prior to 1900, nor does it appear that Sir Alfred Duff Cooper kept any papers that might reveal information about Sickertâs surgery in 1865. Cooperâs records were not passed down in the family, according to his grandson, the historian and author John Julius Norwich.
Surgery in the early to mid-1800s was not a pleasant experience, especially surgery to the penis. The anesthetics ether, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), and chloroform had been discovered some thirty years earlier, but it wasnât until 1847 that Great Britain began using chloroform, which may not have helped young Walter much. Dr. Salmon, the head of St. Markâs, did not believe in anesthesia and did not allow the use of chloroform in his hospital because it was prone to cause death if the dose wasnât just right.
Whether Walter was chloroformed during his two surgeries in Germany is not known, although he mentions in a letter to Jacques-Emile Blanche that he remembered being chloroformed while his father, Oswald Sickert, looked on. It is hard to know exactly what Sickert was referring to or when or how many timesâor even if he was telling the truth. Sickert may or may not have been given anesthesia in London when Dr. Cooper operated on him in 1865. What is most amazing is that the little boy did not die.
Only a year earlier, in 1864, Louis Pasteur had concluded that germs cause disease. Three years later, in 1867, Joseph Lister would argue that germs could be combated by using carbolic acid as an antiseptic. Infection was such a common cause of hospital deaths that many people refused to be operated on, preferring to take their chances with cancer, gangrene, fulminating infections caused by injuries such as burns and fractures, or other potentially fatal maladies. Walter survived, but it is unlikely that he relished recollecting his hospital experience.
One can only imagine his terror when at the age of five he was whisked away by his father to the foreign city of London. The boy left behind mother and siblings and was in the care of a parent not known for compassion or warmth. Oswald Sickert wasnât the sort to hold little Walterâs hand and offer words of love and comfort when he helped his son into the horse-drawn taxi that would take them to St. Markâs Hospital. The father may have said nothing at all.
At the hospital, Walter and his small bag of belongings were left with the matron, most likely Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson, a seventy-two-year-old widow who believed in cleanliness and discipline. She would have assigned him a bed, placed his belongings in a locker, deloused and bathed him, then read him the hospital rules. At this time, Mrs. Wilson had one assistant nurse, and there was no nurse on duty at night.
How long Walter was in the hospital before Dr. Cooper performed the surgical procedure, I donât know, and I canât state as fact whether chloroform or an injection of a 5% solution of cocaine or any other type of anesthesia or pain reliever was used. Since it didnât become standard practice at St. Markâs to anesthetize
As if Sickertâs childhood surgeries and subsequent dysfunctions werenât misfortune enough, he suffered from what in the nineteenth century was called âdepraved conditions of the blood.â Letters written by Sickert in later life indicate that he periodically suffered from abscesses and boils that would send him to bed. He would refuse to seek out a doctor. An exact diagnosis of Sickertâs congenital deformity and any other health problems associated with it may always remain elusive, although in 1899, he refers to his âorgans of generationâ having âsuffered all his life,â and to his âPhysical misery.â St. Markâs patient records do not exist prior to 1900, nor does it appear that Sir Alfred Duff Cooper kept any papers that might reveal information about Sickertâs surgery in 1865. Cooperâs records were not passed down in the family, according to his grandson, the historian and author John Julius Norwich.
Surgery in the early to mid-1800s was not a pleasant experience, especially surgery to the penis. The anesthetics ether, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), and chloroform had been discovered some thirty years earlier, but it wasnât until 1847 that Great Britain began using chloroform, which may not have helped young Walter much. Dr. Salmon, the head of St. Markâs, did not believe in anesthesia and did not allow the use of chloroform in his hospital because it was prone to cause death if the dose wasnât just right.
Whether Walter was chloroformed during his two surgeries in Germany is not known, although he mentions in a letter to Jacques-Emile Blanche that he remembered being chloroformed while his father, Oswald Sickert, looked on. It is hard to know exactly what Sickert was referring to or when or how many timesâor even if he was telling the truth. Sickert may or may not have been given anesthesia in London when Dr. Cooper operated on him in 1865. What is most amazing is that the little boy did not die.
Only a year earlier, in 1864, Louis Pasteur had concluded that germs cause disease. Three years later, in 1867, Joseph Lister would argue that germs could be combated by using carbolic acid as an antiseptic. Infection was such a common cause of hospital deaths that many people refused to be operated on, preferring to take their chances with cancer, gangrene, fulminating infections caused by injuries such as burns and fractures, or other potentially fatal maladies. Walter survived, but it is unlikely that he relished recollecting his hospital experience.
One can only imagine his terror when at the age of five he was whisked away by his father to the foreign city of London. The boy left behind mother and siblings and was in the care of a parent not known for compassion or warmth. Oswald Sickert wasnât the sort to hold little Walterâs hand and offer words of love and comfort when he helped his son into the horse-drawn taxi that would take them to St. Markâs Hospital. The father may have said nothing at all.
At the hospital, Walter and his small bag of belongings were left with the matron, most likely Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson, a seventy-two-year-old widow who believed in cleanliness and discipline. She would have assigned him a bed, placed his belongings in a locker, deloused and bathed him, then read him the hospital rules. At this time, Mrs. Wilson had one assistant nurse, and there was no nurse on duty at night.
How long Walter was in the hospital before Dr. Cooper performed the surgical procedure, I donât know, and I canât state as fact whether chloroform or an injection of a 5% solution of cocaine or any other type of anesthesia or pain reliever was used. Since it didnât become standard practice at St. Markâs to anesthetize
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