Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty by Mustafa Akyol Page A
Authors: Mustafa Akyol
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theology open to reason and free will; an alternative to Asharism.
Almohavids . A rigid Berber Muslim dynasty that conquered much of northern Africa and southern Spain in the twelfth century.
Anatolia . The westernmost point of Asia, also known as Asia Minor. It also has been used to refer to less privileged parts of Turkey vis-à-vis major cities such as Istanbul.
Anatolian Tigers . Successful Anatolia-based companies that have emerged since the 1980s; similar to such other terms as the Celtic Tiger, Asian Tigers.
Asharism . School of theology, created by al-Ashari, that is skeptical of reason and free will.
ayatollah . “Token of God,” the highest rank among Shiite clerics.
Banu Qurayza . An ancient Jewish tribe that lived in northern Arabia until its conflict with the Prophet Muhammad.
Basij . A paramilitary volunteer militia in the Islamic Republic of Iran, active in “morality” policing and suppression of dissidents.
Battle of Badr (624) . The first military encounter between the Muslims of Medina and the pagans of Mecca.
Battle of Siffin (657) . A part of the first Muslim civil war, fought on the banks of the Euphrates between the supporters of Ali and the supporters of Muawiyah.
Battle of the Trench (627) . An unsuccessful siege of Medina by the pagans of Mecca.
Battle of Uhud (625) . The second military encounter between the Muslims of Medina and the pagans of Mecca.
Bedouin . A predominantly desert-dwelling, nomadic, Arab ethnic group.
bey . An honorific Turkish title for men.
bid’a . “Innovation”; an unacceptable departure from the alleged tradition of the Prophet Muhammad.
burqa . An all-enveloping garment worn by some Muslim women.
caliph . A “successor” to the Prophet Muhammad and thus the leader of the Muslim community for Sunnis. The first four successors were the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The institution itself is called the caliphate.
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP or I˙ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ) . A revolutionary group founded by a branch of the Young Turk movement in 1889; it took total control of the Ottoman Empire after 1913.
Coptic Christians . A major ethnoreligious group in Egypt.
dhimmi . Non-Muslims—typically, Jews and Christians—who received “protected” status in Islamic lands.
Directorate of Religious Affairs ( Diyanet I˙s¸leri Bas¸kanlıg˘ı ). The official religious body formed by the Republic of Turkey in 1924 to replace the Ottoman religious institutions. Based on the Hanafi school.
Ecumenical Patriarch . The Greek patriarch of Constantinople, first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion.
efendi . An honorific title for men in the Ottoman Empire.
fatwa . A legal opinion issued by a Muslim religious scholar.
fez . A red cap worn by Ottoman men before the 1925 Hat Reform in Turkey.
fiqh . Islamic jurisprudence as developed by jurists. Shariah is the ideal, fiqh ( fıkıh in Turkish) is the actual practice.
Franks ( or sometimes Francs) . Western Europeans in the Islamic Middle East, often associated with crusading armies.
Garpçılar . “Westernists”; a particularly secularist group among the Young Turks of the late Ottoman Empire.
Hadiths . “Reports, news, sayings”; a collection of literature that claims to communicate the Sunna (tradition) of the Prophet Muhammad.
Halakha . The legal side of Judaism, as distinct from Haggadah, the nonlegal material.
Hanafi . Major Sunni Islamic law school, often the most flexible and lenient.
Hanbali . Major Sunni Islamic law school, often the most rigid. Its modern form is Wahhabism, practiced primarily in Saudi Arabia.
Hejaz . The west-central region of the Arabian Peninsula, where Mecca and Medina are located.
Herod . The name of successive kings who ruled the Holy Land before and during the time of Jesus.
Herodian . A Jewish political faction, the partisans of Herod.
hijra . The “migration” of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622.
hodja
Almohavids . A rigid Berber Muslim dynasty that conquered much of northern Africa and southern Spain in the twelfth century.
Anatolia . The westernmost point of Asia, also known as Asia Minor. It also has been used to refer to less privileged parts of Turkey vis-à-vis major cities such as Istanbul.
Anatolian Tigers . Successful Anatolia-based companies that have emerged since the 1980s; similar to such other terms as the Celtic Tiger, Asian Tigers.
Asharism . School of theology, created by al-Ashari, that is skeptical of reason and free will.
ayatollah . “Token of God,” the highest rank among Shiite clerics.
Banu Qurayza . An ancient Jewish tribe that lived in northern Arabia until its conflict with the Prophet Muhammad.
Basij . A paramilitary volunteer militia in the Islamic Republic of Iran, active in “morality” policing and suppression of dissidents.
Battle of Badr (624) . The first military encounter between the Muslims of Medina and the pagans of Mecca.
Battle of Siffin (657) . A part of the first Muslim civil war, fought on the banks of the Euphrates between the supporters of Ali and the supporters of Muawiyah.
Battle of the Trench (627) . An unsuccessful siege of Medina by the pagans of Mecca.
Battle of Uhud (625) . The second military encounter between the Muslims of Medina and the pagans of Mecca.
Bedouin . A predominantly desert-dwelling, nomadic, Arab ethnic group.
bey . An honorific Turkish title for men.
bid’a . “Innovation”; an unacceptable departure from the alleged tradition of the Prophet Muhammad.
burqa . An all-enveloping garment worn by some Muslim women.
caliph . A “successor” to the Prophet Muhammad and thus the leader of the Muslim community for Sunnis. The first four successors were the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The institution itself is called the caliphate.
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP or I˙ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ) . A revolutionary group founded by a branch of the Young Turk movement in 1889; it took total control of the Ottoman Empire after 1913.
Coptic Christians . A major ethnoreligious group in Egypt.
dhimmi . Non-Muslims—typically, Jews and Christians—who received “protected” status in Islamic lands.
Directorate of Religious Affairs ( Diyanet I˙s¸leri Bas¸kanlıg˘ı ). The official religious body formed by the Republic of Turkey in 1924 to replace the Ottoman religious institutions. Based on the Hanafi school.
Ecumenical Patriarch . The Greek patriarch of Constantinople, first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion.
efendi . An honorific title for men in the Ottoman Empire.
fatwa . A legal opinion issued by a Muslim religious scholar.
fez . A red cap worn by Ottoman men before the 1925 Hat Reform in Turkey.
fiqh . Islamic jurisprudence as developed by jurists. Shariah is the ideal, fiqh ( fıkıh in Turkish) is the actual practice.
Franks ( or sometimes Francs) . Western Europeans in the Islamic Middle East, often associated with crusading armies.
Garpçılar . “Westernists”; a particularly secularist group among the Young Turks of the late Ottoman Empire.
Hadiths . “Reports, news, sayings”; a collection of literature that claims to communicate the Sunna (tradition) of the Prophet Muhammad.
Halakha . The legal side of Judaism, as distinct from Haggadah, the nonlegal material.
Hanafi . Major Sunni Islamic law school, often the most flexible and lenient.
Hanbali . Major Sunni Islamic law school, often the most rigid. Its modern form is Wahhabism, practiced primarily in Saudi Arabia.
Hejaz . The west-central region of the Arabian Peninsula, where Mecca and Medina are located.
Herod . The name of successive kings who ruled the Holy Land before and during the time of Jesus.
Herodian . A Jewish political faction, the partisans of Herod.
hijra . The “migration” of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622.
hodja
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