Israel and the Arab World
(New York: Norton, 2000); Zeev Sternhell,
The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State
, trans. David Maisel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).
9 . Van Evera, “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War,” 29.
Chapter 7
1 . Alexander B. Downes,
Targeting Civilians in War
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), 3.
2 . Robert A. Pape,
Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), chap. 4.
3 . Quoted in Tim Weiner, “Robert S. McNamara, Architect of Futile War, Dies at 93,”
New York Times
, July 6, 2009.
4 . UNICEF, “Iraq Surveys Show ‘Humanitarian Emergency,’”
Information Newsline
, August 12, 1999, http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm ; Biswajit Sen,
Iraq Watching Briefs: OverviewReport
, UNICEF, July 2003, http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Iraq_2003_Watching_Briefs.pdf . Some argue that 500,000 deaths is too high a number. See, for examples, David Cortright, “A Hard Look at Iraq Sanctions,”
Nation
, December 3, 2001; Matt Welch, “The Politics of Dead Children,”
Reason
, March 2002, http://reason.com/archives/2002/03/01/the-politics-of-dead-children . Whatever the exact number, David Rieff is almost certainly right when he writes, “American officials may quarrel with the numbers, but there is little doubt that at least several hundred thousand children who could reasonably have been expected to live died before their fifth birthdays” (“Were Sanctions Right?”
New York Times Magazine
, July 27, 2003).
5 . Benjamin A. Valentino,
Final Solutions: Mass Killings and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 73–75, 91–117. In his discussion of Hitler’s murderous role in the Holocaust, Valentino notes: “If even a fraction of those who perished in the massive famines under Stalin and Mao are included, each of those tyrants is responsible for a greater absolute toll than Hitler, perhaps several times higher” (ibid., 177–78).
6 . P. M. H. Bell,
John Bull and the Bear: British Public Opinion, Foreign Policy, and the Soviet Union, 1941–1945
(London: Arnold, 1990); Martin H. Folly,
Churchill, Whitehall, and the Soviet Union, 1940–45
(New York: St. Martin’s, 2000); John Lewis Gaddis,
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), chap. 2; Ralph B. Levering,
American Opinion and the Russian Alliance, 1939–1945
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1976), chaps. 3–5; Ido Oren, “The Subjectivity of the ‘Democratic’ Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany,”
International Security
20, no. 2 (Fall 1995): 181–82; Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies II,
The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), chap. 1.
7 . The Soviet Union murdered about 22,000 Poles in April-May 1940. Roughly 4,400 were buried in the Katyn Forest. The remaining victims were killed and buried in other locations. George Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
(New York: Routledge, 2005), 1. Among the best sources on Katyn and how Churchill and Roosevelt reacted are Bell,
John Bull
, chap. 4; Allen Paul,
Katy: The Untold Story of Stalin’sPolish Massacre
(New York: Scribner’s, 1991), chap. 22; Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre
, chaps. 6–7; Victor Zaslavsky,
Class Cleansing: The Katyn Massacre
, trans. Kizer Walker (New York: Telos, 2008), chap. 5.
8 . Quoted in Paul,
Katy
, 303.
9 . Bell,
John Bull
, 119. On the Roosevelt administration’s efforts to cover up Soviet responsibility for what happened in the Katyn forest, see Paul,
Katy
, 306–15; Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre
, 159–66.
10 . The quotes in this paragraph are from Alan Bullock,
Hitler, a Study in Tyranny
, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 546–47. See
(New York: Norton, 2000); Zeev Sternhell,
The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State
, trans. David Maisel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).
9 . Van Evera, “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War,” 29.
Chapter 7
1 . Alexander B. Downes,
Targeting Civilians in War
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), 3.
2 . Robert A. Pape,
Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), chap. 4.
3 . Quoted in Tim Weiner, “Robert S. McNamara, Architect of Futile War, Dies at 93,”
New York Times
, July 6, 2009.
4 . UNICEF, “Iraq Surveys Show ‘Humanitarian Emergency,’”
Information Newsline
, August 12, 1999, http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm ; Biswajit Sen,
Iraq Watching Briefs: OverviewReport
, UNICEF, July 2003, http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Iraq_2003_Watching_Briefs.pdf . Some argue that 500,000 deaths is too high a number. See, for examples, David Cortright, “A Hard Look at Iraq Sanctions,”
Nation
, December 3, 2001; Matt Welch, “The Politics of Dead Children,”
Reason
, March 2002, http://reason.com/archives/2002/03/01/the-politics-of-dead-children . Whatever the exact number, David Rieff is almost certainly right when he writes, “American officials may quarrel with the numbers, but there is little doubt that at least several hundred thousand children who could reasonably have been expected to live died before their fifth birthdays” (“Were Sanctions Right?”
New York Times Magazine
, July 27, 2003).
5 . Benjamin A. Valentino,
Final Solutions: Mass Killings and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 73–75, 91–117. In his discussion of Hitler’s murderous role in the Holocaust, Valentino notes: “If even a fraction of those who perished in the massive famines under Stalin and Mao are included, each of those tyrants is responsible for a greater absolute toll than Hitler, perhaps several times higher” (ibid., 177–78).
6 . P. M. H. Bell,
John Bull and the Bear: British Public Opinion, Foreign Policy, and the Soviet Union, 1941–1945
(London: Arnold, 1990); Martin H. Folly,
Churchill, Whitehall, and the Soviet Union, 1940–45
(New York: St. Martin’s, 2000); John Lewis Gaddis,
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), chap. 2; Ralph B. Levering,
American Opinion and the Russian Alliance, 1939–1945
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1976), chaps. 3–5; Ido Oren, “The Subjectivity of the ‘Democratic’ Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany,”
International Security
20, no. 2 (Fall 1995): 181–82; Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies II,
The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), chap. 1.
7 . The Soviet Union murdered about 22,000 Poles in April-May 1940. Roughly 4,400 were buried in the Katyn Forest. The remaining victims were killed and buried in other locations. George Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory
(New York: Routledge, 2005), 1. Among the best sources on Katyn and how Churchill and Roosevelt reacted are Bell,
John Bull
, chap. 4; Allen Paul,
Katy: The Untold Story of Stalin’sPolish Massacre
(New York: Scribner’s, 1991), chap. 22; Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre
, chaps. 6–7; Victor Zaslavsky,
Class Cleansing: The Katyn Massacre
, trans. Kizer Walker (New York: Telos, 2008), chap. 5.
8 . Quoted in Paul,
Katy
, 303.
9 . Bell,
John Bull
, 119. On the Roosevelt administration’s efforts to cover up Soviet responsibility for what happened in the Katyn forest, see Paul,
Katy
, 306–15; Sanford,
Katyn and the Soviet Massacre
, 159–66.
10 . The quotes in this paragraph are from Alan Bullock,
Hitler, a Study in Tyranny
, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 546–47. See
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